Study Details
Smith, Kim, et al. Interim Impacts of the Teen Options to Prevent Pregnancy Program. Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, NJ: 2015a.
Rotz, Dana, Dara Lee Luca, Brian Goesling, Elizabeth Cook, Kelly Murphy, and Jack Stevens. "Final Impacts of the Teen Options to Prevent Pregnancy Program." Cambridge, MA: Mathematica Policy Research, July 2016a.
Stevens, J., Lutz, R., Osuagwu, N., Rotz, D., Goesling, B. (2017). A randomized trial of motivational interviewing and facilitated contraceptive access to prevent rapid repeat pregnancy among adolescent mothers. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 217(4), 423.e1-423.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.06.010
Teen Options to Prevent Pregnancy (T.O.P.P.)
Program Information
Evaluation Setting
Study Sample
Research Design
493
2
18 months after enrollment/baseline
Study Findings
NA = Not available. This means the authors did not report the information in the manuscripts associated with the studies we reviewed.
a This information was not available whenever authors did not report information for the treatment and comparison groups separately on outcome means, standard deviations, and/or sample sizes.
b Authors reported that the program effect (impact) estimate is statistically significant with a p-value of less than 0.05 based on a two-tailed test.
c For some outcomes, having less of that outcome is favorable. In those cases, an effect with a negative sign is favorable to the treatment group (that is, the treatment group had a more favorable outcome than the comparison group, on average).
d An effect shows credibly estimated, statistically significant evidence whenever it has a p-value of less than 0.05 based on a two-tailed test, includes the appropriate adjustment for clustering (if applicable), and it is not based on an endogenous subgroup.
The program was evaluated using a randomized controlled trial involving pregnant or recently pregnant young women recruited from seven obstetrics-gynecology clinics and five postpartum units of a large hospital system in a Midwestern city. Participants were randomly assigned to either a treatment group that received the 18-month T.O.P.P. program or a control group that received usual care. Surveys were administered at baseline, mid-intervention (6 months after enrollment), and immediately after the end of the intervention (18 months after enrollment).
The study found that adolescents participating in the intervention were significantly less likely to report having had unprotected vaginal intercourse in the past three months at six months after enrollment (effect size = .02) and at 18 months after enrollment (effect size = 0.01). The study also found that 18 months after enrollment, adolescents participating in T.O.P.P. were significantly less likely to report having had a repeat pregnancy (effect size = 0.01), unintended repeat pregnancy (effect size = 0.02), or live birth (effect size = 0.03) since enrollment. At both six and 18 months after study enrollment, the study found no statistically significant program impacts on whether the participant had vaginal sex, whether the participant had vaginal intercourse without a condom, or the number of sexual partners in the past three months.
The study also examined program impacts on measures of use of long-acting reversible contraception, use of effective birth control, trying to avoid pregnancy in the next year, school enrollment, and completion of high school or GED. Findings for these outcomes were not considered for the review because they fell outside the scope of the review.